The ribosome reads the mRNA (messenger RNA) and translates the nucleotide sequence into a polypeptide (protein) sequence. It reads the nucleotides in groups of 3 called codons and then accepts the correct amino acids from charged tRNAs to build the polypeptide in the correct order.
Electron shell is the outer orbital, while the inner orbital are just called orbitals.
Cells build carbohydrate polymers by using energy to form glycosidic linkages, the bonds between monosaccharides. A dehydration synthesis reaction forms a bond between carbon atoms in two monosaccharides, sandwiching an oxygen atom between them and releasing a water molecule. Hope this helps!
