Answer:
<u>All the substrates are bound to the enzyme</u>, thats why the reaction rate stopped increasing.
Explanation:
Actually an enzyme works by binding a substrate molecule to its active site, producing a product , resulting in an increase in the rate of reaction.
Enzyme + substrate = Enzyme + product
Whenever enzymes are added , reaction rate increases as the substrates are being bound to the enzyme's active sites but then occurs a stage where further addition of enzyme cannot increase the reaction rate because all the substrates have bound to the enzyme and <u>there are no substrates left.</u> Hence the reaction rate stopped increasing.
The cell membrane<span> is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of </span>cells<span>. The basic </span>function of the cell membrane<span> is to protect the </span>cell<span> from its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.</span>
Answer:
movement, reproduction, Growth sensitivity,
Explanation:
these are all things that could be different about an organism which could make them different,
Boyle's law states that the relationship between pressure and volume of a fixed amount of gas at a fixed temperature is inversely proportional. This means that the higher the pressure, the lower the volume, in a proportional relationship. Therefore, of the statements listed, b: 'the temperature and the number of molecules must remain constant for the law to apply' and d: 'a<span>s the pressure of a gas increases, the volume decreases proportionally</span>' are correct.
Answer and Explanation:
a. Why would such a heat-stable polymerase be beneficial in PCR?
- Because in PCR, DNA is heated up 95 °C to denature DNA (see first figure)
b. What would happen if it weren’t heat stable?
- If it weren't heat stable we had to add it in every PCR cycle and please note that PCR can take 20 to 35 cycles. Imagine being researcher that you need to open 20 small tubes every 5 minutes and add polymerase enzyme into these tubes for 20 to 35 times. It is very labor intensive and Taq polymerase relives the researchers from this work.
c. How might you choose a region of DNA for a PCR primer so as to increase the temperature necessary for primer annealing (to minimize nonspecific PCR products)?
- You need to calculate melting temperature (Tm) of your primers and use the calculated values to prevent non specific bindings. Primers usually binds non-specifically if the low annealing temperature is used (lower than 5 °C of your Tm value)
d. A PCR reaction begins with 5 double stranded segment of DNA. Estimate the number of double-stranded copies of DNA that are present after the completion of 15 amplification cycles?
In every amplification cycle copies of DNA are doubled. So the answer is 5 x 2^15.
