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1938
November 09
Nazis launch Kristallnacht
On November 9, 1938, in an event that would foreshadow the Holocaust, German Nazis launch a campaign of terror against Jewish people and their homes and businesses in Germany and Austria. The violence, which continued through November 10 and was later dubbed “Kristallnacht,” or “Night of Broken Glass,” after the countless smashed windows of Jewish-owned establishments, left approximately 100 Jews dead, 7,500 Jewish businesses damaged and hundreds of synagogues, homes, schools and graveyards vandalized. An estimated 30,000 Jewish men were arrested, many of whom were then sent to concentration camps for several months; they were released when they promised to leave Germany. Kristallnacht represented a dramatic escalation of the campaign started by Adolf Hitler in 1933 when he became chancellor to purge Germany of its Jewish population.
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C. stop the white settlement of their land.
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Rome was important in the Renaissance for two reasons. First and foremost, ancient Roman learning provided the impetus for new developments in science, art, architecture, and political theory, to name but four fields of study. The rediscovery of the wisdom of the past considerably broadened the horizons of European men, opening up vast new intellectual vistas that had previously lain hidden for centuries. The rediscovery of Roman ideas, in particular, allowed Renaissance men to reconnect with a culture and a heritage long thought to be lost forever.
And that leads us on to the second reason why Rome was so important to the Renaissance. The example of Ancient Rome was a reminder to Italians of the glory that had once been their patrimony. The strength, vitality, and dominance of Rome stood in stark contrast to the weak patchwork of warring states that formed the basis of Renaissance Italy.
Renaissance thinkers like Machiavelli lamented the decline of Italy from the glorious heights it had achieved under the Roman Empire to the appalling depths it had plumbed as a political plaything of hostile foreign forces, most notably France. Rome acted as a reminder of what once had been and could be again; it set before the Italian people an example of what could happen if they set aside their differences and came together as one.
It would be several centuries before such an ideal were realized, but right throughout the Renaissance it continued to exercise a powerful hold on the imaginations of millions of Italians.
Chinese subjects were forced to adopt the customs of the Mongolia people.
