Answer:Magmatic density and viscosity exert fundamental controls on the eruptibility of magmas. In this study, we investigate the extent to which magmatic physical properties control the eruptibility of magmas from Iceland's Northern Volcanic Zone (NVZ). By studying subaerial flows of known age and volume, we are able to directly relate erupted volumes to magmatic physical properties, a task that has been near-impossible when dealing with submarine samples dredged from mid-ocean ridges. We find a strong correlation between magmatic density and observed erupted volumes on the NVZ. Over 85% of the total volume of erupted material lies close to a density and viscosity minimum that corresponds to the composition of basalts at the arrival of plagioclase on the liquidus. These magmas are buoyant with respect to the Icelandic upper crust. However, a number of small-volume eruptions with densities greater than typical Icelandic upper crust are also found in Iceland's neovolcanic zones. We use a simple numerical model to demonstrate that the eruption of magmas with higher densities and viscosities is facilitated by the generation of overpressure in magma chambers in the lower crust and uppermost mantle. This conclusion is in agreement with petrological constraints on the depths of crystallization under Iceland.
Explanation:
king governed each mesopotamian empire
So,
There is a scientific consensus that life exists on other planets
and
The scientists only studied one meteorite
The first one because the other ones don't make sense, and because it is a scientific consensus. The latter because they only studied one, and imagine if they studied other ones...
The Amish have a genetic trait called polydactyly which is rare among other populations of people. This means that a person can 6 fingers, usually an extra thumb. This kind of evolutionary effect that is exhibited in this specific example is called the Founder effect. This happens when there is a small number of colonizing ancestors.
Answer:
Bull = Pp
Cow A = pp
Cow B = pp
Cow C = Pp
Explanation:
In cows polled (P) is dominant over horned (p) trait.
The bull is polled so it can be PP or Pp. Cow B is horned so it must be pp. Resultant offspring from bull X Cow B is also a horned calf (pp). This calf must have received one p from the bull. So the bull's genotype is Pp.
Cow A is also a horned cow so it must be pp. When bull X Cow A, a polled calf is produced. Since the bull's genotype is Pp and Cow A's genotype is pp, this polled calf will be Pp like the bull.
Cow C is polled like the bull so it can be PP or Pp. However on crossing with the bull (Pp) a horned calf is produced (pp). This calf got one p allele from the bull and p allele from the Cow C. So Cow C's genotype must be Pp.
Hence,
Bull = Pp
Cow A = pp
Cow B = pp
Cow C = Pp
