when changes in a protein appear to accumulate at a constant rate over time is called option (c) i.e, Molecular clock.
<h3>What does molecular clock mean?</h3>
The term "molecular clock" refers to a method that estimates the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged by analyzing the mutation rate of biomolecules. Typically, nucleotide sequences for DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequences for proteins serve as the biomolecular data for these calculations.
Hedges, a biology professor at Penn State, claims that the molecular clock counts the mutations that accumulate through time in the gene sequences of various species rather than counting seconds, minutes, and hours.
Mutation and recombination, the two fundamental biological processes that give rise to all heritable variations, are the foundation of molecular clocks. Mutations are modifications to the genetic code of DNA, for as when the nucleotide Guanine (G) turns to Thymine (T).
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The three foremost forms of photosynthesis are C3, C4, and CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism)
C4 flowers are so-called because the primary manufactured from CO2 fixation is a C4 natural acid, oxaloacetate, shaped by way of the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) by way of PEP carboxylase. The oxaloacetate is converted to other C4 acids (malate or aspartate) and transferred to the packaging sheath.
Calvin cycle is the main pathway of carbon fixation in vegetation, algae, and cyanobacteria. The opportunity pathways of carbon fixation are the Reductive citric acid cycle in microorganisms. 3-hydroxypropionate cycle in bacteria and archaea.
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Answer:
Abiotic factors, such as temperature, water, sunlight amounts, and regional terrain, directly effect biotic factors. Biotic factors are the living components of an ecosystem which include primary producers, consumers, and dexomposers.
Abiotic factors can effect organisms in many ways. Hey can effect primary producers negatively if there is too little sun, water, or nutrients in the soil. However, if there is too much of any one of these, they can still be negatively effected. With primary producers, it’s all about balance.
while consumers do not directly require the above conditions, they do rely on the plants and animals that feed on said plants to survive. If the plants do not have correct nutrients, they will not either. As far as terrain goes, they adapt to better cope with the environment. If they live in an aquatic enviromment for example, they acquire ways to more efficiently move through the water to look for food.
Decomposers rely on the remains of dead plants and animals in order to survive. They feed off of dead matter and the waste gets deposited into the soil. This in turn helps to give the soil its nutrients, and so the cycle continues.
Everything in nature is reliant on each other. This delicate balancing act is both beautiful and so very fragile. If one organism is removed, the entire ecosystem could suffer. This is why it is so critical to protect the environment we share with every other living creature on this earth.
