DNA Mutation is caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes. Thus, the correct answer is option D.
1.DNA Mutations are caused by environmental factors known as mutagens.
2.Types of DNA mutagens include radiation, chemicals, and infectious agents.
3.DNA Mutations may be spontaneous in nature.
Definition: "Copying of information from DNA to RNA which exit nucleus is known as transcription"
Explanation: Transcription is a vital process for living organisms, because it is a staring point for protein synthesis. It occurs inside the nucleus and is carried out by RNA polymerase enzyme. In eukaryotes RNA pol is of three types: these are RNA Pol 1, RNA Pol 2, and RNA Pol 3. In prokaryotes it is of only one type.
Steps in transcription: Transcription consists of three main steps
1. Initiation: In this step RNA pol attach to DNA template at 5 prime end in the promoter region to start the formation of complementary strand of RNA. In prokaryotes there is a region called
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Pribnow box, with the </span>consensus sequence<span> TATAAT present about 10 base pair away from site that serves as a transcription initiation. In eukaryotes the promoter region is more complex it contain activator and enhancer.
2. Strand elongation: </span><span>Once transcription is initiated, the DNA double helix unwinds and RNA polymerase reads the template strand, adding nucleotides to the 3′ end of the growing chain.
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3. Transcription Termination:
Terminator sequences are found close to the ends of non-coding sequences. Before termination polyadenylation occurs. <span>
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The process of making multiple copies of a gene by inserting it into a host genome and culturing the host is an example of gene cloning.
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