The genetic defect most likely causes each leaf to lack a sufficient root system that can support the plant's growth.
The root system of plants contains networks of roots and their branches which functions by absorbing and transporting water and dissolved minerals from the soil to the plant in order to support the growth of the plant. They anchor (hold) the plant in the soil and also store reserve foods that can be used later by plants. Absence of sufficient root system in plants will affect the plants normal processes (including photosynthesis). The plant’s water absorbing capacity will be greatly reduced and this will make the plant to become dry (weak) and to be susceptible to insect and diseases.
If later is was 100 million years ago, later b would be 200 million years ago (because it is 100millions years prior to a). And therefore layer c must b 300 million years ago.
The second law of thermodynamics states that not all of the energy is used because some of the energy is lost in the form of heat. The lost heat energy is an unusable form of energy, and it causes an increase in the entropy of the universe. Thus, no energy transfer process is efficient due to the loss of energy.
Lactic acid is a byproduct of short-term cellular respiration do to exercise, but if you mean lactose, then it's just the enzymes, that your stomach produces
