The kinetic theory of gases is a simple, historically significant model of the thermodynamic behavior of gases, with which many principal concepts of thermodynamics were established. The model describes a gas as a large number of identical submicroscopic particles, all of which are in constant, rapid, random motion
The electric flux through the hole is
.
- Electric flux is the number of electric field lines cutting through the surface and is measured as surface intregal of electric field over that surface
- Mathematically it is given by
where E is the electric field and A is the area. - Gauss's law states that electric flux through closed surface is equal to the 1 / ε₀ times the charge enclosed by that surface which is given by Ф = q / ε₀ where q is the central charge and ε₀ is the permittivity of the medium.
It is given , hollow sphere of radius 10.0cm surrounds a 10.0-μC charge.
The whole surface of hollow sphere 

Area of the hole ( both side ) 

According to Gauss's theorem, the flow from a particular charge in the center is given by

This flux flows through the surface of the sphere, so the flux per unit area which is given by

Flux through area of hole is given by :

Learn about more electric flux here :
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If this is about simple machines the answer is: Inclined plane
You may know linear momentum is given by
P= mass.velocity.
Initially car is moving with some velocity so you know initial momentum of the car. Finally it comes to rest i.e final momentum of the car is 0. According to Newton's second law : Force = change in momentum /time. Applying this you'll get answer as 642840N. Hope it helped you. Revert back to me if you have any questions. Please check out the calculation it might be wrong!