Answer:
At least 17 PCR cycles or 16 PCR cycles
Explanation:
As we know -
In one chain of heating and cooling of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the strands of DNA gets doubled.
The general mathematical representation of this is
where "n" is the number of PCR cycles.
It is given that DNA strands to be produced is 16 times the original quantity of DNA.
So the PCR cycle must be carried out at least 17 times in order to have DNA strand not less than 16 times the original quantity of DNA
Answer:
Exosphere -The exosphere layer is mainly composed of extremely low densities of hydrogen, helium, and several heavier molecules including nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide closer to the exobase. The atoms and molecules are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding with one another.
Thermosphere - The aurora (Northern Lights and Southern Lights) mostly occur in the thermosphere. The thermosphere is a layer of Earth's atmosphere. The thermosphere is directly above the mesosphere and below the exosphere. ... Temperatures in the upper thermosphere can range from about 500° C (932° F) to 2,000° C (3,632° F) or higher.
Mesosphere- Most meteors burn up in the mesosphere. A type of lightning called sprites sometimes appears in the mesosphere above thunderstorms. Strange, high-altitude clouds called noctilucent clouds sometimes form in this layer near the North and South Poles.
Stratosphere-The stratosphere is the second major atmospheric layer above the troposphere, extending in altitude from about 8 to 30 miles high. No weather occurs in the stratosphere. The statosphere contains over 15% of the total mass of the atmosphere, and is where the ozone layer is located.
Troposphere-The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, and is also where nearly all weather conditions take place. It contains 75% of the atmosphere's mass and 99% of the total mass of water vapour and aerosols.
i hope this helps, good luck :)
The body was preserved because the body was frozen in the cold temperature of the Alps shortly after he died and remained frozen until it was found.
<h3>How is a body preserved?</h3>
It is common to observe that bodies are often preserved at a very low temperature hence the body was preserved because the body was frozen in the cold temperature of the Alps shortly after he died and remained frozen until it was found.
The reason why the AIDs virus which contains RNA, to insert into the DNA of a host of T-cells after the AIDs virus enters the cell is because of receptor proteins located on the surface of the virus.
The organism that lacks the ability to maintain their own metabolic pathways and can only reproduce inside of a host cell are the viruses.
The chemicals released by one type of immune cell to directly activate another type of immune cell are the cytokines.
Learn more about cytokines:brainly.com/question/12199920
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Apomictic refers to plants and it means the offspring is genetically identical to the parent. Automictic means that gametes fuse after meiosis - which means offspring are genetically not identical to parents.
