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The first step the biologist needs to make an observation in which to create a hypothesis.
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In eukaryotic cells cellular structure is composed of a neatly packaged DNA molecule histone octamer.
In eukaryotes, however, genetic material is housed inside the nucleus and tightly packaged into linear chromosomes. Chromosomes are made of a DNA protein complex called chromatin this is prepared into subunits referred to as nucleosomes. A chromosome is made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes. each cell usually incorporates 23 pairs of chromosomes.
The records in DNA is stored as a code made from four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Human DNA includes about bases, and greater than 99 percentage of those bases are the identical in every person.
DNA is tightly packed up to healthy inside the nucleus of each cell. As proven within the animation, a DNA molecule wraps round histone proteins to shape tight loops known as nucleosomes. these nucleosomes coil and stack collectively to shape fibers referred to as chromatin.
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Answer:
EtBr inserts between the stacked bases in the DNA double helix.
Explanation:
- EtBr is used for visualizing DNA bands as it fluoresces under the UV illumination.
- EtBr is an aromatic compound that is capable of inserting itself between the stacked bases of the DNA double helix.
- The hydrophobic environment around the base pairs where the EtBr intercalates is responsible for the fluorescence. As the EtBr molecule intercalates between these base pairs the cation of EtBr sheds the water molecules associated with it and this causes it to fluoresce under UV light as water is a quencher of fluorescence.
Answer:
a. PK2 activates PK1
b. no response would be produced
Explanation:
Kinases are enzymes known to phosphorylate different substrates, thereby activating/inactivating them. In this case, a mutation that produces a constitutively (permanently) active PK1 kinase is itself able to continue the signaling pathway, independently of whether or not PK2 is present. This constitutive mutation shows that PK1 is recruited to continue signaling events within the cell and, therefore, PK1 activation is downstream in the signaling pathway. Conversely, cells containing active PK2 and inactive PK1 would be unable to continue the signaling pathway since PK2 activation is upstream of the induction of PK1, and thereby these cells cannot respond to the signal (PK2 activation).