Well you could look at like this, back then people took how other nations looked at their nation far more seriously so each discovery a single British person made would bolster the popularity of Britain and bolster its power over the globe, its scientific and exploring prowess would be shown over the heads of say France and Germany, kind of like showing off a new toy to make yourself seem cooler.
The correct option is "D" (They can avoid taxes by moving the company location). And many large corporations are using this advantage to maximize their profit. For example if US has a higher tax compare to India/China, most likely most of the corporations will move to India/China. So that they can pay less tax thus maximize their profit.
i dont know the rest because im a rookie in boot camp but all i know its hard and at the end before you get your badge you go through The Crucible the he ll hole