After six to eight days, the adaptive immune response begins and is specific to the infection. It involves two types of white blood cells: T cells (cellular response) and B cells (antibody response).
Generic reaction to ANY infection; Innate immune response cells generate interferons1 and other substances (cytokines); Interferons prevent virus reproduction; Phase 2 is triggered; Innate immune response.
The body's defense against viral infections
At this stage, infection in phases one and two can be stopped.
1. The early signs of infection, such as fever and muscular pains, are brought on by interferons and cytokines.
2. The adaptive response could not be stimulated right away if the innate reaction is "weaker" in some individuals (such as the elderly or those with underlying health issues).
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180 degree brochacho burrito man with salsa
Our star—the Sun—is a bubbling, boiling ball of fire. See Picture 1 to the right. It constantly belches out great clouds of hot gas. This gas is all charged up with electricity, too. This stuff travels at astounding speeds, some of it right toward Earth! This means that Earth’s weather happens inside the Sun’s weather!
Thank goodness Earth’s magnetic field (see Picture 2) and atmosphere protect us from most of this blast. Otherwise, the Sun’s weather would be OUR weather. Yikes!
However, we are still affected by the Sun’s atmosphere and its violent activities. We call this part of our weather “space weather,” because it comes to us through space from the Sun.
<h2>Membrane potential </h2>
Explanation:
- Membrane potential represents charge difference across the membrane, all biological cells are negative inside (cytoplasm) and positive outside (due to difference in ionic distribution)
- In a typical neuron cell membrane potential of cytoplasm is negative at rest (when no stimulus is applied) hence called resting membrane potential
- Resting membrane potential of excitable cells is established by Na+ and K+pump
- Repolarization starts with the efflux of K+ by the opening of voltage gated K+ channels
- Voltage gated K+ channels starts to open when voltage gated Na+ channels becomes inactive
- Hyperpolarization occurs due to excessive efflux of K+ by voltage gated K+ channels
- Additional efflux of K+ occurs due to slow inactivation of voltage gated K+ channels
I believe that D is the answer to your question, even though this is a complicated one.
