Answer: Overconfidence bias
Explanation:
The options are:
a. overconfidence bias
b. hindsight bias
c. framing bias
d. escalation of commitment bias
e. sunk-cost bias
Overconfidence bias is when people or organization believe so much in their ability, knowledge, talent, or skills which invariably leads them to believe that they are better than the way they really are. It is an ego belief and can have a dangerous effect.
Ford was slow to recall vehicles to fix a possible carbon monoxide leak due to overconfidence bias as they believe that they are a force to be reckoned with and can't make such mistakes.
The incorrect statement is : The income from the TSA is received income tax-free. Upon retirement, payments received by employees from the accumulated savings in tax-sheltered annuities are treated as ordinary income.
It is <span>social-cognitive behavior. </span>