An organism that lives in or on an organism of another species (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the other's expense; So basically, what you’ll be getting at is C, only harms another organism.
The tooth enamel of apes is thinner compared to that of
hominids.
The tooth enamel is the hardest, most mineralized substance
in the body. It is the most visible part of the tooth and it covers the outer
layer of each tooth. The tooth enamel is composed of several proteins which
form a framework for the minerals that makes it hard. It plays a crucial role
in guarding the teeth from decay.
<span>Carbon dioxide is a colorless and odorless gas that is vital to life on Earth. This naturally occurring chemical compound is made up of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. Carbon dioxide exists in Earth's atmosphere as a trace gas at a concentration of about 0.04 percent by volume. Natural sources include volcanoes, hot springs and geysers, and it is freed from carbonate rocks by dissolution in water and acids. Because carbon dioxide is soluble in water, it occurs naturally in groundwater, rivers and lakes, in ice caps and glaciers and also in seawater. It is present in deposits of petroleum and natural gas.</span>
After six to eight days, the adaptive immune response begins and is specific to the infection. It involves two types of white blood cells: T cells (cellular response) and B cells (antibody response).
Generic reaction to ANY infection; Innate immune response cells generate interferons1 and other substances (cytokines); Interferons prevent virus reproduction; Phase 2 is triggered; Innate immune response.
The body's defense against viral infections
At this stage, infection in phases one and two can be stopped.
1. The early signs of infection, such as fever and muscular pains, are brought on by interferons and cytokines.
2. The adaptive response could not be stimulated right away if the innate reaction is "weaker" in some individuals (such as the elderly or those with underlying health issues).
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Homeostasis is a self-regulating technique by which systems
in the body maintain stability and tend to adjust to optimal conditions which
are essential for survival. Thereby, the role of homeostasis is to help the
body maintain constant internal environment. A good example of homeostasis
would be ‘drinking excess alcohol causes vomiting’.
