When does crossing over occur in meiosis
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Hi
Below are five major steps of DNA or gene cloning:
1: You chose the gene or specific piece of DNA you need to clone and cut the gene with restriction enzymes from the source organism.
2: You need to choose a vector for the process of cloning and you will cut the vector with same restriction enzymes through which you have cut your target DNA sequence to be inserted into the vector.
3: You place the target gene into the vector and join or seal the gene with vector by using an enzyme called DNA ligase.
4: You introduce the vector with your target gene into a suitable host organism such as yeast or bacteria through the process of Transformation. In this process host organism takes up the vector containing your target gene and starts replicating the target DNA along with their own DNA and thus creating millions of copies of target gene .
5: In the last step, the DNA or target gene is isolated from host organism and purified and is ready to be used since its quantity has been enormously increased through the process of cloning.
The cloning is also called as recombinant DNA technology and is the main process that is being used in the production of insulin for diabetes patients. You can see below image for better understanding.
Hope it help!
Definition:
"Copying of information from DNA to RNA which exit nucleus is known as transcription"
Explanation:
Transcription is a vital process for living organisms, because it is a staring point for protein synthesis. It occurs inside the nucleus and is carried out by RNA polymerase enzyme. In eukaryotes RNA pol is of three types: these are RNA Pol 1, RNA Pol 2, and RNA Pol 3. In prokaryotes it is of only one type.
Steps in transcription:
Transcription consists of three main steps
1. Initiation:
In this step RNA pol attach to DNA template at 5 prime end in the promoter region to start the formation of complementary strand of RNA. In prokaryotes there is a region called <span>Pribnow box, with the </span>consensus sequence<span> TATAAT present about 10 base pair away from site that serves as a transcription initiation. In eukaryotes the promoter region is more complex it contain activator and enhancer.
2. Strand elongation:
</span><span>Once transcription is initiated, the DNA double helix unwinds and RNA polymerase reads the template strand, adding nucleotides to the 3′ end of the growing chain.
</span>
3. Transcription Termination:
Terminator sequences are found close to the ends of non-coding sequences. Before termination polyadenylation occurs. <span>
</span><span>
</span>
"Copying of information from DNA to RNA which exit nucleus is known as transcription"
Explanation:
Transcription is a vital process for living organisms, because it is a staring point for protein synthesis. It occurs inside the nucleus and is carried out by RNA polymerase enzyme. In eukaryotes RNA pol is of three types: these are RNA Pol 1, RNA Pol 2, and RNA Pol 3. In prokaryotes it is of only one type.
Steps in transcription:
Transcription consists of three main steps
1. Initiation:
In this step RNA pol attach to DNA template at 5 prime end in the promoter region to start the formation of complementary strand of RNA. In prokaryotes there is a region called <span>Pribnow box, with the </span>consensus sequence<span> TATAAT present about 10 base pair away from site that serves as a transcription initiation. In eukaryotes the promoter region is more complex it contain activator and enhancer.
2. Strand elongation:
</span><span>Once transcription is initiated, the DNA double helix unwinds and RNA polymerase reads the template strand, adding nucleotides to the 3′ end of the growing chain.
</span>
3. Transcription Termination:
Terminator sequences are found close to the ends of non-coding sequences. Before termination polyadenylation occurs. <span>
</span><span>
</span>