There are 3 possible ways of determining pH.
1. A pH meter, 2. Litmus paper/ pH test strips or 3. Titrations.
1. A pH meter works by sending a small electric current through the solution. An electrical current can only be created if there are free-moving particles such as H+ ions from an acid or OH- ions from a base. The pH meter can determine the pH by how high the conductivity is.
2. Litmus Paper or pH test strips are strips that turn a specific colour under a specific pH. This colour can then be compared to a colour chart which will tell you the pH. The downfall of this method is that the red ink will stain the strip and you will be unable to get an accurate reading.
3. A titration is the best method, if done properly, for determining pH.
Steam distillation is a separation process for temperature sensitive materials and it is used for purification of organic compounds.
The water vapor carries small amounts of the vaporized compounds (water and organic molecules) to the condensation flask. This is preferred technique because allows easy separation of the components by decantation or other suitable methods, because product od distilation is a two phase system<span> of water and the organic distillate.</span>
electrons in the outer shell have the lowest ionization energy. (not even gonna consider the quantum model which does funny things with d-sublevel). Highest ionization energy in descending order is:
Ar = 1520.6
Si = 786.5
Al = 577.44
Na 495.8
Answer:
Al
Explanation:
Protons = mass number - neutrons 56-30 =26 closest is Al 27
Also in group 13 which loses 3 electrons to be +3
