Question 3, the answer is Zygote
Sorry that's the only one I can answer for sure right now.
Answer:
They attach at the kinetochore. Which can be a disk or a protein.
Answer:
Variability was seen as imperfection, so natural selection could only eliminate the inferior and imperfect, not giving rise to new things, new species.
:
Lithosphere would go with Solid Rock.
Outer Core would go with Liquid Iron.
Inner Core would go with Solid Iron.
Asthenosphere would go with Liquid Rock.
Hope I helped!