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Vadim26 [7]
3 years ago
7

How does energy from a top level consumer get recycled back into the pyramid?

Biology
1 answer:
azamat3 years ago
7 0
Once the top level consumer dies, it goes back to the begging
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A) In the Dunker population, the frequency of IB allele is 0.3 and the frequency of i allele is 0.4. In the general population, the frequency of IB allele is 0.1 and t<span>he frequency of i allele is 0.5.
</span>
If:
I^{A} - <span>the frequency of IA allele
</span>I^{B} - <span>the frequency of IB allele
</span>i - t<span>he frequency of i allele

Then:
</span>I^{A} I^{A} + <span>I^{A} i - the frequency of individuals with A blood type
</span>I^{B} I^{B} + <span>I^{B} i - the frequency of individuals with B blood type
</span>ii <span>- the frequency of individuals with O blood type
</span>
Let's first take a look on the Dunker population:
I^{A} = 0.3
ii=0.16&#10;

<span>Since there is only one possible genotype for O individuals - ii - the frequency of the allele i is square root of the frequency of O individuals:
</span>i= \sqrt{ii}
⇒ i =  \sqrt{0.16}
⇒ i=0.4

Now, we have the frequencies of two alleles (I^{A} and i). To calculate the frequency of I^{B}<span> allele, we will use the formula:
</span>I^{A} + I^{B} + i = 1
⇒ I^{B} = 1- I^{A} - i
⇒ I^{B} = 1-0.3-0.4
⇒ I^{B} = 0.3

Now, in the general population:
I^{A} = 0.4
ii=0.25

<span>Similarly to the work for the Dunker population:
</span>i= \sqrt{ii}
⇒ i = \sqrt{0.25}
⇒ i=0.5

I^{A} + I^{B} + i = 1
⇒ I^{B} = 1- I^{A} - i
⇒ I^{B} = 1-0.4-0.5
<span>⇒ I^{B} = 0.1
</span>


b) A founder effect is a result of geographical separation of a few individuals from the original population. Those founding individuals will form a new population. The Dunker population was not only geographically separated, but also genetically. The group interbreeding was present resulting in increasing those allele frequencies that were the most common in the founding population. In this case, the most individuals from the founding population had B blood type.
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What are the strengths and limations of your model
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Cells a and b are the same size and shape, but cell a is metabolically quiet and cell b is actively consuming oxygen. Oxygen wil
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The two cells of the similar shape, and size have different levels of the ongoing metabolic activity. On one hand, the cell a is metabolically quiet, which means that no energy consuming chemical reactions are taking place in this cell. On the other hand, the cell b is actively consuming the surrounding oxygen. In this scenario, the oxygen will more quickly diffuse into the cell b because the diffusion gradient for oxygen in this cell is steeper than in the cell a.

Hence, the blanks can be filled with 'b and the diffusion gradient is steeper' respectively.

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