The publication about the effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival fluid investigates how this treatment can increase inflammation.
<h3>What are cytokines?</h3>
Cytokines are molecules of the immune system that act during different types of immune responses, especially in inflammatory pathways.
Cytokines are mainly secreted by helper T immune cells (T cells) and macrophages.
In this case, the publication above mentioned uses different cytokine biomarkers to test inflammatory responses after orthodontic treatment (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, etc).
In conclusion, the publication about the effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival fluid investigates how this treatment can increase inflammation.
Learn more about cytokines here:
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Answer:
Properly equipped according to the environment.
Explanation:
Natural selection will kill off those who cannot survive in a given environment
Answer: Chloroplast
Explanation:
The presence of chloroplast would have been the last organelle which appeared in the eukaryotic cell. Chloroplast helps in photosynthesis which means prepare food from the inorganic compounds.
But here the cell obtains energy from the organic compounds which states that there is no need of chloroplast in the cell as they obtain energy by hetero tropic mode of nutrition.
Hence, chloroplast is the correct answer.
Answer:
All EeWw (100%)
Explanation:
This question involves two genes; one coding for earlobes and the other for hairline. According to the question, one parent is homzygous recessive for earlobe but homzygous dominant for hairline i.e. (eeWW) while the other parent is homzygous dominant for earlobe but homzygous recessive for hairline i.e. (EEww).
The cross between the two parents is as follows: eeWW × EEww. The following gamete combination will be produced by each parent:
eeWW - eW, eW, eW, eW
EEww - Ew, Ew, Ew, Ew
Using this gametes in a punnet square, the following proportion of offsprings will likely be produced:
All EeWw
