Answer: a. Planning; b. Organizing; d. Controlling
Explanation:
Whenever people work to achieve a goal, various aspects of management are called into being. Ranging from planning to organizing etc.
Planning in simple is looking ahead.
It involves outlining a future course of action. It makes the things
to happen and involves formulating
policies and procedures to achieve goals.
Organizing helps to achieve objectives by using available physical and human
resources. When people work in groups, everyone in the group should
know what he/she is expected to achieve and with what resources. In
other words, organizing involves establishing authority-responsibility
relationships among people working in groups and creating a structural
framework.
Control as a
managerial function facilitates to know whether the actual performance
is in conformity with the planned one so that, in the event of deviations,
appropriate corrective measures could be taken. In the absence of adequate
control mechanism, unexpected changes in the environment may push
the organisation off the track.
It is very observable how the Egyptians employed several management functions in building the ancient pyramids.
