C) populism
For future reference: an easy way to remember the causes is to use the acronym MAIN (as in the MAIN causes) to remember that they are militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism.
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The word "instead" is used as a conjunctive adverb in the given sentence. It is a special type of adverb.
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What is a conjunctive adverb?</h3>
A conjunctive adverb is used to link independent clauses or sentences. It is a special type of adverb.
Thus, "The weather report predicted a severe thunderstorm in the afternoon; instead, the day was beautiful and sunny" the word "instead" is used as a conjunctive adverb.
Learn more about Conjunctive Adverb here:
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Feudalism was a system of land tenure according to which land was held in return for services. This system developed in Europe during the Middle Ages. Under the feudal system, the king was the owner of all the land. The king granted portions of land to nobles (vassals/barons/greater-tenants-in-chief) in return for military service. In the same way, these nobles granted land to lesser nobles (sub vassals/knights/tenants-in-chief) who in turn paid military services directly to their lord (noble) and indirectly to the king (noble's lord).