Without political parties, electors would have to evaluate every individual candidate in every single election they are eligible to vote in. Instead, parties enable electors to make judgments about a few groups instead of a much larger number of individuals.
C would be the best choice in my opinion. Hope this helps!
It should be D. Hope that helps.
The Definition of pre colonial African societies
In Africa there is referred to as acephalous (or state-less) societies. meaning they are not under any political authorty.
I hope this helps :)