For the Greeks (or more particularly the Athenians) any system which excluded power from the whole citizen-body and was not a tyranny or monarchy was described as an oligarchy. Oligarchies were perhaps the most common form of city-state government and they often occurred when democracy went wrong.
I believe that was the Crusades.
; Abundant labor supply<span>; Railroads; </span>Labor<span> saving </span>technological<span> advances
are some answers
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It helped people understand their surroundings to let them know which places were dangerous and which ones wernt