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Answer 1

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A) Throughout the first half of the 19th century, the Market Revolution was a fundamental transformation of the US economy , primarily due to the widespread mechanization of industry and the expansion and integration of various domestic and foreign economic markets. Technological advances in transport modes, increasing demand and employment in factory jobs, followed by increased urban migration, and an agricultural shift away from subsistence agriculture (for self-sufficiency) to commercial agriculture (for profit) were key factors contributing to this economic shift. The adoption of capitalist leaders that would drive economic activity throughout the nation would encourage these philosophical and technological shifts. The Market Revolution, however, caused distinct changes in American society that affected the family dynamic, gender roles, government oversight, and regional population shifts, not only economic changes. The country sought to expand into the western territories following the War of 1812, in order to take advantage of the economic opportunities there as new markets opened up. A massive system of canals and roads has been constructed in order to get manufactured goods to these new markets. In 1825, the Erie Canal was completed and was a marvel of engineering. The canal ran 363 miles and connected the port city of New York through a system of canals running to the Great Lakes with the mid-western agricultural centers. As mid-western agricultural products were shipped through the Great Lakes and along the canal to New York and eventually Europe, mid-western cities such as Detroit, Chicago, and Cleveland thrived as they became booming trade centers. Railroads were one of the country's fastest growing industries by midcentury. As businessmen and corporations saw their profits and demand for products grow globally, the construction of railroads grew at an increasing pace. Both areas prospered economically as the Midwest and Northeast regions became linked by rail. Together with hogs and cattle, trade in wheat , maize and grain was usually loaded onto trains and shipped east for domestic consumption or shipped to Europe. Railway companies have become one of the country's largest employers, and investment gains from rising demand have helped fuel investment in other industries such as coal, lumber, and oil. A greater demand for factory labor spread throughout the economic system as the industries of the countries became mechanized. Young workers have now been encouraged to join the labor force by moving to urban centers and taking a salary job, formerly urged to participate in apprenticeships. The decline in the apprenticeship system and the loss of labor in rural areas forced farmers themselves to move from traditional subsistence (self-reliance) farming and merchandise bartering to a single crop approach that was more commercialized (for profit). The improvements to the steel plow by John Deere and the reaper by Cyrus McCormick enabled farmers to grow and harvest mass quantities of crops that were needed to meet the growing domestic and global demand for agricultural products. As more factory workers were required by the changing market economy, many women took the opportunity to go to work and earn money. For the thrill and opportunity to move to the city and get a job, many young girls left the isolation of the farm. As women earned cash, they became more involved in political and social reforms that wanted to see and challenge the long-standing cultural belief that women should not be involved outside the home in areas of society. A series of reform movements were introduced in the early part of the 19th century, many because of the religious influence of the 2nd Great Awakening, such as temperance, female suffrage, abolition, and prison reforms.

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