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Twenty-sixth Amendment, amendment (1971) to the Constitution of the United States that extended voting rights (suffrage) to citizens aged 18 years or older. Traditionally, the voting age in most states was 21, though in the 1950s Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower signaled his support for lowering it. Attempts to establish a national standardized voting age, however, were met with opposition from the states. In 1970 Pres. Richard M. Nixon signed an extension of the Voting Rights Act (1965), which lowered the age of eligibility to vote in all federal and state elections to 18. (Nixon himself was skeptical of the constitutionality of this provision.) Two states (Oregon and Texas) filed suit, claiming that the law violated the reserve powers of the states to set their own voting-age requirements, and in Oregon v. Mitchell (1970) the U.S. Supreme Court upheld this claim.
In response to this setback, and in particular spurred by student activism during the Vietnam War and the fact that 18-year-olds could be drafted to fight in the war but could not vote in federal elections in most states, an amendment was introduced in the U.S. Congress. It won congressional backing on March 23, 1971, and was ratified by the states on July 1, 1971—marking the shortest interval between Congressional approval and ratification of an amendment in U.S. history. The administrator of general services officially certified ratification of the Twenty-sixth Amendment on July 5.
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Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.
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Mark Brainliest please
Answer:
The following reasons can be used to account for the rise and expansion of the Mutapa state:
1. Scarcity of reasons such as salt, pastures etc at Great Zimbabwe
2. The Rise of militaristic and ambitious leaders such as Mutota.
3. The Abundance of salt in the Dande-Chidinma area.
4. The leadership disputes at Great Zimbabwe.
5. Population pressure at Great Zimbabwe.
6. The need to control the trade with the East Coast.
7. Availability of hunting grounds in the Mutapa state. 8. The eventual fall of the Great Zimbabwe State.
Q.1 What were feedom riders?
The Freedom Rides of 1961 was a revolutionary movement where black and white people refused to sit in their designated areas of buses to protest segregation. Blacks sat in the front of the bus and whites sat in the back, opposite of the usual arrangements. There were multiple different rides from several different locations and a variety of people. At every stop, the freedom riders would use the opposite segregated facilities such as bathrooms, restaurants, and water fountains
Q.2.where and when?
They began in Washington DC on May 4, 1961 and went to New Orleans originally. But the rides sparked a revolution and inspired many other people from several states to take part in the freedom rides and support the fight for racial justice.
Q.3who was involved?
The idea was conceived by The Congress of Racial Equality and the first ride involved 7 blacks and 6 whites who boarded the bus in Washington D.C. Many Freedom Riders were trained Civil Rights Activists who practiced peaceful protest and lead with bravery. Some were even involved in the diner sit in's the year before.
Q.4.why?
They intended to test the Supreme Court's ruling in Boynton v. Virginia (1960), which declared segregation in interstate bus and rail stations unconstitutional but was failing to be enforced.
Boynton vs Virginia was a court case about a man named Bruce Boynton who was in a restaurant within a "white only" bus terminal and refused to leave. He was arrested for trespassing, but the offense was turned over by the Supreme Court because "white only" and "black only" areas were deemed unconstitutional through Brown v. Board of Education (1954).
This was also the next step towards anti-segregation that promoted the ideas brought on by diner sit in's that took place in the previous year.
The Freedom Rides also had the goal of gaining not only public attention but also the attention of the Kennedy Association in order to raise awareness of the rising Civil Rights Movement.
