I'm guessing the first one, "Galveston Storm of 1900" as the storm caused a LOT of damage
Religion (Christianity) or the bringing of new items (new animals such as horses and improved weapons)
Generally speaking, it would be earthquakes that do not threaten Central America, due to the fact that there are no major fault lines, although they are still technically possible.
A citizen - they are the ones with the right to vote, and have legal status as a person.