Answer:
The correct answer is -
a. Protonation of the substrate.
b. Deprotonation of the amino acids in the enzyme active site.
c. Change in tertiary structure in extreme conditions.
Explanation:
During an enzyme assay, suboptimal pH is changed and affect the Vmax to decrease and this could take place due to various reasons such as-
A) protonation of the substrate - Upon protonating or adding a proton or hydrogen cation to a substrate atom, the mass and the charge of the species each increase by one unit which make a conjugate acid.
B) Deprotonation of the amino acids in the enzyme’s active site -Changing the pH will affect the charges on the amino acid molecules.
C) Denaturation of the protein’s tertiary structure- Tertiary structure of the protein is basically a backbone of peptide chain with one or more secondary domains of proteins that increasing the pH or decreasing the pH get denature.
Thus, the correct answer is : option A, B, C.
Answer:
experiments are versions of the real world captured within an artificial laboratory environment, models are artificial worlds built to represent the real world. i aint gonna cap i copied of google :
Answer:
A = Rr, TT
Explanation:
Rr means it is a heterozygous dominant, TT means it is a different, dominant.
Some measurements we can take are reducing carbon emissions by decreasing deforestation and habitat destruction, recycling, and using more renewable sources of energy.
Answer:
diffusion of the hormone through a target cell membrane
formation of a hormone-receptor complex
activation of a gene
cellular response to the hormone
production of a protein
Explanation:
Steriod hormone are primary hormones derived from lipids. Such as reproductive hormones i.e the testosterone and the estrogens, which are produced by the gonads (testes and ovaries). Steroid hormones are not soluble in water (they are hydrophobic). For a new cell to be activated by a steriod hormone, there are a lot of steps invovled, Steriod hormones must travel to their target cell bound to a transport protein (i.e diffusion of the hormone through a target cell membrane).
Once the hormone binds to the receptor in the targeted cell, a chain of events is initiated that leads to the target cell’s response (I.e formation of a hormone-receptor complex). Hormones plays a vital role in the regulation of physiological processes because of the target cell responses they regulate.
The message a hormone sends is received by a hormone receptor, (a protein located either inside the cell or within the cell membrane). The receptor will process the message by initiating other signaling events such as (activation of a gene) or cellular mechanisms that result in the target cell’s response. Hormone receptors recognize and respond to them (i.e cellular response to the hormone). Thus, the response triggered by a hormone depends not only on the hormone, but also on the target cell.
Once the target cell receives the hormone signal, it can respond in a variety of ways. The response may include the (production of protein synthesis), activation or deactivation of enzymes, alteration in the permeability of the cell membrane, and stimulation of the secretion of products. etc
