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Ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and Vander waals forces.
Answer: Passive processes.
Explanation: Passive processes don't require the cell to expand any of its own energy in order to move. There are two types of passive processes: osmosis and diffusion. Diffusion is higher to lower, while osmosis is lower to higher.
I believe they are made through protein synthesis. The Cyclin is a family of proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) enzymes. Through phophorylation, Cdks signal the cell that it is ready to pass into the next stage of the cell cycle. Cyclin-Dependent Protein Kinases are dependent on cyclins, another classof regulatory proteins. Cyclins bind to Cdks, activating the Cdks to phosphorylate other molecules.
Answer:
The answer to the question: Predict the effect of fatty acid saturation on the ease with which a membrane can be split by freeze fracturing, would be: just like high temperature and cholesterol presence will ensure the fluidity, or lack of it, of a plasma membrane, the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on the tail ends of phospholipids will increase the fluidity, or make it possible for the union between phospholipids to be broken up.
Thus, a phospholipid bilayer that is clustered with saturated fatty acids will shorten the distance between phospholipid molecules until they become like a rock wall and can be broken easily, because the tail ends tend to cluster together. This happens when temperature drops too low, especially under testing conditions like freezing them.
Under normal circumstances this will not happen because of cholesterol molecules and also because the presence of unsaturated fatty acids inside the lipid middle of the bilayer, where the tail ends are, prevent clustering of the tail ends and keep them moving.