Bacteria have different phage resistance mechanisms, such as spontaneous mutations, the CRISPR-Cas system.
Spontaneous mutations are the main mechanisms leading to phage resistance by altering the structure of bacterial wall components that act as phage receptors. These include lipopolysaccharides (LPS), outer membrane proteins, cell wall teichoic acids, capsules, and other bacterial components.
The answer is
If it is a leap year, then February has 29 days.
<span>A conditional statement uses a pattern of ‘if’ followed
by ‘then’. The obvious cause must be stated first followed by the outcome. ‘If
and only if’ is an example of a biconditional statement. </span>
2. White Dwarf Stage
The sun will run out of nuclear fuel and slowly cool down over many billions of years.
