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Troyanec [42]
3 years ago
8

The amounts of nicotine in a certain brand of cigarette are normally distributed with a mean of 0.954 grams and a standard devia

tion of 0.292 grams. Find the probability of randomly selecting a cigarette with 0.37 grams of nicotine or less. Round your answer to four decima
Mathematics
1 answer:
olga_2 [115]3 years ago
4 0

Let <em>X</em> be the random variable representing the amount (in grams) of nicotine contained in a randomly chosen cigarette.

P(<em>X</em> ≤ 0.37) = P((<em>X</em> - 0.954)/0.292 ≤ (0.37 - 0.954)/0.292) = P(<em>Z</em> ≤ -2)

where <em>Z</em> follows the standard normal distribution with mean 0 and standard deviation 1. (We just transform <em>X</em> to <em>Z</em> using the rule <em>Z</em> = (<em>X</em> - mean(<em>X</em>))/sd(<em>X</em>).)

Given the required precision for this probability, you should consult a calculator or appropriate <em>z</em>-score table. You would find that

P(<em>Z</em> ≤ -2) ≈ 0.0228

You can also estimate this probabilty using the empirical or 68-95-99.7 rule, which says that approximately 95% of any normal distribution lies within 2 standard deviations of the mean. This is to say,

P(-2 ≤ <em>Z</em> ≤ 2) ≈ 0.95

which means

P(<em>Z</em> ≤ -2 or <em>Z</em> ≥ 2) ≈ 1 - 0.95 = 0.05

The normal distribution is symmetric, so this means

P(<em>Z</em> ≤ -2) ≈ 1/2 × 0.05 = 0.025

which is indeed pretty close to what we found earlier.

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