<span>The primary incentive for the implementation of the Marshall Plan was that American leaders hoped that U.S. economic assistance would prevent Europeans from turning to Communism. In 1948, this plans was enacted by the 80th United States Congress as the response to the European financial crisis that took place a year before. It was an act of economic aid to Western Europe that was meant to help rebuild economies that crashed during the World War II. The main goals were: to erase trade barriers, enact the modernisation of industry and to prevent the spread of Communism.</span>
I think you can break down the document into three major ideas very easiliy:
All men are created equal.
Therefore, no men are wise enough to rule over other men without their consent. The way to resolve this paradoxical situation is through liberal democratic instutitions that combine majority rule with the right of the minority to express itself.
The English government (personified as King George III) had shown an unwillingness to extend these rights to American colonists — even though (1) above implies that colonists ought to have no fewer rights than Englishmen.
Russian often claimed to be an heir to : Roman and Byzantine empire
They made this claim based on the continuity of orthodox church in Russia after the fall of Constantinople in 1453 , and based on their ambition to rule in European continent
hope this helps
The Ironclad Oath was an oath promoted by Radical Republicans and opposed by President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. The Republicans intended to prevent political activity of ex-Confederate soldiers and supporters by requiring all voters and officials to swear they had never supported the Confederacy. Lincoln's reconstructive policy toward the South was lenient because he wanted to popularize his Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln feared that compelling enforcement of the proclamation could lead to the defeat of the Republican Party in the election.
So basically, pan-Arabism was an ideology closely to Arab nationalism, where Arab nations call for unity among Middle Eastern and North African countries. It's like, we share a common language, history, etc., so why not we be unified? And no, it was not successful. There are many conflicts within the Middle East today between Arab governments.
