The writings of Jean Bodin provides us with an early theorisation of the idea of sovereignty even though the examples he uses are quite extensive. Essential to Bodin's notion of sovereignty is that the power the sovereign holds must be absolute and permanent. If a ruler holds absolute power for the duration of his life he can be said to be sovereign. In contrast, an elected official or some other person that holds limited powers can not be described to be sovereign. Although at times Bodin suggests that the people are sovereign, his definition of sovereignty as absolute, unlimited and enduring power points purposively towards a positive association of sovereignty and a singular monarchical, or even tyrannical, power.
Another qualification that Bodin introduces into the definition of sovereignty as absolute and perpetual is one that will become increasingly important in subsequent theorisations, culminating in the work of Carl Schmitt. For Bodin, a sovereign prince is one who is exempt from obedience to the laws of his predecessors and more importantly, those issued by himself. Sovereignty rests in being above, beyond or excepted from the law. Although it occupies a subordinate place in Bodin's theorisation, it could be said that this exception from being subject to the law is the quintessential condition of sovereignty in so far as it is understood politically.
Although for Bodin sovereignty is characterised by absolute and perpetual power he goes on to make a series of important qualifications to this concept. These come from two principle concerns. The first is real politics - Bodin seems to be aware that absolute power could licence behaviour injurious to sovereign authority. Hence for example a sovereign cannot and should not confiscate property nor break contractual agreements made with other sovereigns, estates nor private persons. The second reason is Bodin's underlying theological notion of divine authority and natural law. A sovereign may put aside civil law, but he must not question natural law (in which it appears right of property is sanctioned). Saying this, it is ultimately from this divine authority that the earthly right of sovereign power is legitimated. The prince literary does god's bidding, and yet by virtue of this can do wrong. Hopefully this helps out some :)
Answer:
Good choices are:
Italy:
Mussolini seized power.
Ethiopia was invaded.
Supporters were called Blackshirts.
Japan:
Military leaders seized power.
All men over 20 were conscripted.
China was invaded.
Explanation:
Free land (well they had to pay like 10 cents), and gold (the gold rush).
Answer:
The greatest technological development of this time was irrigation. Originally the Mesopotamia’s’ believed their sole purpose was to serve the gods and provide them with luxuries such as fine clothes and lodging. Their communities consisted of 35 politically equal cites with religious sanctuaries. All cities were known as spiritual and economic. Social hierarchies began to grow, separating the privileged, and the less privileged. The Sumerians and the Akkadians believed in a group of gods that controlled everything including their political institutions. Each major god of the Sumerian pantheon lives in a luxury temple in the part of the city that he/she created, thus bettering each cities character and relationships with its neighbors. Royal palaces also revealed the power of
the elite, being the official home of the ruler and his family. Social hierarches were very important in Sumerian city-states. Ruling groups had access to economic and political resources. The kings/ priests were at the top of the list, then bureaucrats, followed by supervisors and craft workers, and traders. Movement among classes was very rare. Mesopotamia was the first to develop a complex writing system. They were the first record keepers and readers. This gave rise to written narratives. Due to rising populations,there was a lot of competition among these societies that often led to violence. The Chinese culture took a little longer to urbanize, although they eventually got there, they had some troubles in the beginning. Their animals for instance weren’t very domesticated, and deserts made it harder to migrate
Explanation:
