Answer:
<u>b. learning occurs independently of reinforcement</u>
Explanation:
Edward C. Tolman was one of the famous American psychologists who was best known for his research on 'cognitive maps', latent learning theory, cognitive behaviorism, and intervening variable.
According to Tolman, an individual has the capability of doing more than merely responding to certain stimuli, instead, he or she acts on attitudes, beliefs, strive towards specific goals, and a few changing conditions. He was considered as the only behaviorists who don't accept the "stimulus-response theory", as he believed that reinforcement wasn't required for learning.
In the question above, the correct answer is option-b.
Answer:
Generalized anxiety disorder
Explanation:
GAD is a psychological disorder. It is about excessive worry and persistent worry about the number of different things. People who suffers from GAD generally anticipated disasters and excessive worry about money, family, health, work, or school grades. They may worry more about the concern situation than it is in reality. They analyze the situation worst even when there is not any apparent reason for the situation. GAD diagnosed when the person has no control over the situation and it is persistent last six months and has three or more symptoms. People, with GAD don't know how to stop the cycle of worry and feel that is beyond their reach. The people know that their worry is more intense than the situation occurs. The exact cause of GAD is unknown, but there is another factor contributing to it as family, genes, environment, etc. people with GAD can function socially. Sometimes they avoid the situation just because, they from disorder or maybe they don't want to take the opportunity due to their worry about a social situation, travel promotions, etc.
The correct answer is individualism
Individualism is very different from selfishness. An individualistic person, is someone "anti social" who likes solitude, and prefers to be alone, read, listen to music, think and so on. That is, it is a personality characteristic.
