Whenever a bond sells for more than its face value, it sells at a premium, which means that the investors are willing to pay more for the bond than its face value. This happens when the coupon payment percentage on the bond are higher than the yield to maturity of the bond, because the investors required return is the yield to maturity, when the bond pays more than the required return the investors are willing to pay more for the bond.
The correct answer is letter "D": consumer surplus that is generated from the introduction of a new product.
Explanation:
Externalities are defined as the effects passed on third parties as a result of the actions of another individual or organization even if the third party has nothing to do with the operations of the individuals or entities. Externalities can be positive or negative.
The product-variety externality is an example of a positive externality. The product-variety externality takes place when a new product is introduced in the market generating a consumer surplus. Thus, end-users benefit from the variety of products available in the market even if that represents more competition for companies.
