The organism under study, which will be used to donate DNA for the analysis, is called the donor organism. The basic procedure is to extract and cut up DNA from a donor genome into fragments containing from one to several genes and allow these fragments to insert themselves individually into opened-up small autonomously replicating DNA molecules such as bacterial plasmids. These small circular molecules act as carriers, or vectors, for the DNA fragments. The vector molecules with their inserts are called recombinant DNA because they consist of novel combinations of DNA from the donor genome (which can be from any organism) with vector DNA from a completely different source (generally a bacterial plasmid or a virus). The recombinant DNA mixture is then used to transform bacterial cells, and it is common for single recombinant vector molecules to find their way into individual bacterial cells. Bacterial cells are plated and allowed to grow into colonies. An individual transformed cell with a single recombinant vector will divide into a colony with millions of cells, all carrying the same recombinant vector. Therefore an individual colony contains a very large population of identical DNA inserts, and this population is called a DNA clone. A great deal of the analysis of the cloned DNA fragment can be performed at the stage when it is in the bacterial host. Later, however, it is often desirable to reintroduce the cloned DNA back into cells of the original donor organism to carry out specific manipulations of genome structure and function.
In mammals, the powerful muscle that aids in breathing is the diaphragm. This muscle expands and contracts the chest cavity and forces air in and out of the lungs.
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