<span>In the Triassic period all of North America was similar to the Indonesian archipelago. After the heavy snow in the last mini-ice age the receding snows left huge craters resulting in the popular Great Lakes. Thus, altering the topography of the planet. </span>
With respect to its colonies, British mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth, to the exclusion of other empires.
"Planting trees throughout Sahel" is the one action among the following actions given in the question that would be the most effective long-term solution to fighting desertification in the Sahel.
I think it is Earthquakes