Answer:
Statistically significant means a result is unlikely due to chance. The p-value is the probability of obtaining the difference we saw from a sample (or a larger one) if there really isn't a difference for all users
2 2/3 - 3/5 = 2 1/15
2 1/5 + 11/10 = 3 3/10
2 5/7 - 2/3 = 2 1/21
1/4 + w = 6 1/3
w = 6 1/12
Hope this helps :)
Since is closed, you can use the divergence theorem: The flux of across is
which is 54 times the volume of the hemisphere centered at (0, 0, 0) with radius 1, .
Judging by the question content, you're supposed to find this value by computing the the integral of across and .
Parameterize the hemisphere by
with and . Take the normal vector to to be
The flux of across is
Parameterize the disk by
with and . Take the normal to to be
Then the flux across is
Then the total flux across is , as expected.