Punnett square predicts the percentage of offspring
he carbon cycle is the circulation and transformation of carbon back and forth between living things and the environment. Carbon is an element, something that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance. Other examples of elements are oxygen, nitrogen, calcium, iron, and hydrogen. Carbon compounds are present in living things like plants and animals and in nonliving things like rocks and soil. Carbon compounds can exist as solids (such as diamonds or coal), liquids (such as crude oil), or gases (such as carbon dioxide). Carbon is often referred to as the "building block of life" because living things are based on carbon and carbon compounds.
The Carbon CycleSource: NASAClick to enlarge
The amount of carbon on the earth and in Earth's atmosphere is fixed, but that fixed amount of carbon is dynamic, always changing into different carbon compounds and moving between living and nonliving things. Carbon is released to the atmosphere from what are called "carbon sources" and stored in plants, animals, rocks, and water in what are called "carbon sinks." This process occurs in a number of steps. In the first step, through photosynthesis (the process by which plants capture the sun's energy and use it to grow), plants take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and release oxygen. The carbon dioxide is converted into carbon compounds that make up the body of the plant, which are stored in both the aboveground parts of the plants (shoots and leaves), and the belowground parts (roots). In the next step, animals eat the plants, breath in the oxygen, and exhale carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide created by animals is then available for plants to use in photosynthesis. Carbon stored in plants that are not eaten by animals eventually decomposes after the plants die, and is either released into the atmosphere or stored in the soil.
Large quantities of carbon can be released to the atmosphere thr
5. Adenine and thymine base pair
6. Chargaff's base ratios
10. Hydrogen bonds exist between base pairs (A/T and G/C) allowing DNA to maintain the helical structure. Adenines and thymines have two hydrogen bonds, guanines and cytosines have three. When these hydrogen bonds are broken, this allows for "unzipping" of the DNA - which can then be replicated, transcribed/translated to RNA, etc.
