Prior to Billy Beane, The resources were not allocated efficiently however Billy introduced the use of statistics to determine the value of asset and also determine the ability of players.
The techniques was simple that allows small-market teams to buy assets that are considered undervalues by other teams. On the other hand these small-market teams sell assets that are considered overvalued by other teams.
Treaty of Versailles punish Germany harshly so Germany was forced to play pay millions in war reparations the German economy suffered and lost 10% of their land