Answer:
c. the cost to growth of allocating resources to defense
d. consistent fitness benefits of high allocations to defense
Explanation:
In order to ensure survival by escape of grazing and browsing by herbivores (and insects) plant usually adopt different defence mechanisms.This forms the basis for the optimum defence hypothesis .
The basic idea of the hypothesis is that the type of defence that an organism e.g plant will adopt against an herbivore depends on its fitness, and since this involve expenditure of energy it will be expensive for the organism to afford and maintain.
Substances<span> move in and </span>out of cells<span> by diffusion down a concentration gradient, through a partially permeable membrane. The efficiency of </span>movement of substances in and out<span> of a </span>cell<span> is determined by its volume to surface area ratio. ... Osmosis is a type of diffusion but refers only to the </span>movement<span> of water molecules.</span>
Answer:
Increased activity increases heart rate
Decreased activity decreases heart rate.
Athletes typically have lower resting and active heart rates
Explanation:
