D................... :) .
The research error described above is an example of selection bias.
Selection bias takes place when, from a population of interest, a group of individuals is selected in order to construct a sample but without a proper randomization. The result is a sample which is not representative of the underlying population.
According to the example, the target population of the research comprises all students but the sample only includes boys. Hence, selection has not been random because it followed a gender criteria, and the results obtained using it cannot be applicable to the whole population because they are affected by a selection bias.
Quality information that can be used for a variety of purposes is said to be flexible. Information quality is a developing concept to many organisation considering the increase in data storage and collection, and the mining data for many businesses the quality of information produced becomes increasingly important.
