Answer:
Explanation:
Pharmacophore (pharmacology) - The molecular framework responsible for a drug's biological activity. According to IUPAC — A pharmacophore is the ensemble of steric and electronic features that is necessary to ensure the optimal supramolecular interactions with a specific biological target structure and to trigger (or to block) its biological response.
Privileged structures are defined as molecular frameworks which are able of providing useful ligands for more than one type of receptor or enzyme target by judicious structural modifications.
1) The 1,4-dihydropyridine ring is present in many biologically important molecules that acts as an important scaffold for cardiovascular drug - a calcium antagonists and although it is technically not considered as a pharmacophore, it is considered as a privileged structure.
1,4-Dihydropyridine (DHP), belongs to the class of calcium antagonist that inhibits the influx of extracellular Ca+2 through the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels.
A positional substitution in the 4-position is feasible in the heterocyclic ring which in turn culminates in various calcium channel antagonist activities and this heterocyclic ring is the common feature for various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic activity,
antihypertensive, antianginal, antitumor, antitubercular activity and antithrombotic .
Position on the heterocyclic ring binds to the L-type channel and also to N-type channel on membranes.
2.) The bioisosteres are not a suitable bioisostere for the traditional C-4 aryl or heteroaryl substitution which is necessary for calcium ion blockage thereby inhibiting it to function with the mechanism shared above.
The second phase of general adaptation syndrome (gas) is characterized
by alarm phase, the stage of resistance and the exhaustion stage. The gas stage gives a description of the both
the short and long term emotional and physical effects of stress. Gas elaborates the relationship between
health and stress.
Answer:
Its a substitution mutation because one of the specific base, G is replaced by A.
This is a Point Mutation because Point mutation brings changes in the structure of a gene because of the substitutions with another base pair. Like in this case, G is substituted by A. In case of frameshift mutations, there is a change in the number of nucleotides due to either insertions or deletions of the nucleotides, which is not in this case.
Chloropasts are the substance that is a yellow orange pigment that absorbs blue green light because they contain chlorophyll.
We have rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum as the two types of endoplasmic reticulum. They are different from each other in that the rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on its surface while the smooth reticulum does not...The two also carry out different functions,having ribosomes on their surface,the rough reticulum is in charge of protein synthesis whereas the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is in charge of the synthesis of lipids
