Imagine you do a test cross between a purple-flowered pea plant having serrated leaves (a dominant trait) and a white-flowered p
ea plant having smooth edges. If the purple-flowered plant is heterozygous for both traits, the expected ratio in the offspring is 1 purple-serrated:1 purple-smooth:1 white-serrated:1 white-smooth. Instead, you see 4 purple-serrated:1 purple-smooth:1 white-serrated:4 white-smooth. What is the explanation of this ratio
There are two genes involved in the cross. The expected ratios are 1:1:1:1 because we assume genes assort independently. However, we see a different phenotypic distribution. When phenotypic ratios differ from the expected ones, it means that genes are linked.
To know if two genes are linked in the same chromosome, we must observe the progeny distribution. If individuals, whose genes assort independently, are test crossed, they produce a progeny with equal phenotypic frequencies 1:1:1:1. But if instead of this distribution, we observe a different one, that is that phenotypes appear in different proportions, we can assume that genes are linked in the double heterozygote parent
Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller in size than the eukaryotic cells and thus the DNA in the prokaryotic cells are much smaller than the DNA in the eukaryotic cells therefore, the later organisms have many origins where replication occurs simultaneously. Moreover, Prokaryotic cells lack neucleus and whereas eukaryotic cells have neucleus in them which is bounded by the membrane.
The age of the solar system, derived from the study of meteorites (thought to be the oldest accessible material around) is near 5 billion years; that of the Earth is taken as 4.6 billion years. The oldest rocks on Earth are dated as 3.8 billion years.