Answer:
They are elected by secret ballot
Explanation:
Constitutionalism refers to a political structure of a state based on the constitution, as the name itself says. A constitution is the most important legal document in a country, listing the rules and laws that everyone, be it regular people, institutions, or the president himself has to follow. Constitutionalism was created to make people equal, to protect their natural rights and guarantee them liberty in the country they live in.
On the other hand we have the divine right of kings. It is a concept which is quite opposite to that of constitutionalism. As the name itself says, the divine right of kings assumes that king was sent to earth to rule instead of God himself. Given that God doesn't have a physical presence in our world, he has chosen kings to be his representatives on Earth. Thus, the king has every right to do whatever he pleases, without having to think about constitutions, governments, or the feelings of his subjects.
I believe that America is based on the principles of constitutionalism, mostly because it never had a king, but was rather a democratic republic from the very beginning.
The Irish republic is a parliamentary democracy. Its constitution was promulgated in 1937 and can be amended through a referendum. The country’s head of state, the president (uachtarán), is elected directly by the public for a term of seven years and is eligible for reelection for a second term. The president normally acts on the advice of the government but also consults an advisory Council of State in the exercise of certain functions. The president signs and promulgates bills passed by the Oireachtas (Parliament) and, when so advised by the prime minister (taoiseach), summons and dissolves the Oireachtas. The president may, however, refuse to dissolve the Oireachtas on the advice of a prime minister who has ceased to command a majority in the Dáil Éireann (House of Representatives). The president is the guardian of the constitution and may, in certain circumstances, submit a bill passed by the Oireachtas to the people in a referendum or refer it to the Supreme Court to decide on its constitutionality.
There are two houses of the Oireachtas—the Dáil and the Seanad Éireann (Senate). Chief legislative power is centred in the 158-member Dáil. The Seanad may delay bills passed by the Dáil, or it may suggest changes in them, but it cannot indefinitely block their passage into law.
Executive power is vested in the prime minister, who heads the cabinet and presides over its meetings. The prime minister, the deputy prime minister (tánaiste), and the minister for finance must be members of the Dáil. The other government ministers must be members of either house, but no more than two may be senators.
I think the Chinese where the ones who invented it in the 9th century! They then started using it as fireworks.
