Answer: Option A
Explanation: In simple words, substitution effect refers to the economic phenomenon which states that when price of one good rises the demand for the alternative of that particular good also rises. For example - coke and pepsi.
On the other hand, income effect states that when the price of a commodity rises, a number of consumers might find it hard to purchase due to the price exceeding their income power which further results in lower demand.
Hence from the above we can conclude that the correct option is A.
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Answer:
20 years (scenario A) and 16 years (scenario B)
Explanation:
The real GDP will double in "n" number of years, with "n" estimated by interpolation using the formula below.

In the solutions below, we assumed current GDP to be 1, and as a result, the GDP will double to 2.
Scenario A

When you substitute 20 for "n" in the left hand side (LHS) of the equation, you will arrive at 1.99 which is approximately equal to 2. Any number below 20 will result in a number less than 2.
Thus, with an average annual real GDP growth rate of 3.5%, real GDP will double in about 20 years.
Scenario B

When you substitute 16 for "n" in the left hand side (LHS) of the equation, you will arrive at 2.02 which is approximately equal to 2. Any number below 16 will result in a number less than 2.
Thus, with an average annual real GDP growth rate of 4.5%, real GDP will double in about 16 years.
Answer:
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