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marta [7]
3 years ago
5

Which of the following covalent bonds is the most polar?

Chemistry
1 answer:
erma4kov [3.2K]3 years ago
8 0

Answer:

H-F bonds are the strongest.

As Fluorine is the most electronegative element.

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Calculate the activity coefficients for the following conditions:
uysha [10]

<u>Answer:</u>

<u>For a:</u> The activity coefficient of copper ions is 0.676

<u>For b:</u> The activity coefficient of potassium ions is 0.851

<u>For c:</u> The activity coefficient of potassium ions is 0.794

<u>Explanation:</u>

To calculate the activity coefficient of an ion, we use the equation given by Debye and Huckel, which is:

-\log\gamma_i=\frac{0.51\times Z_i^2\times \sqrt{\mu}}{1+(3.3\times \alpha _i\times \sqrt{\mu})}       ........(1)

where,

\gamma_i = activity coefficient of ion

Z_i = charge of the ion

\mu = ionic strength of solution

\alpha _i = diameter of the ion in nm

To calculate the ionic strength, we use the equation:

\mu=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^n(C_iZ_i^2)        ......(2)

where,

C_i = concentration of i-th ions

Z_i = charge of i-th ions

  • <u>For a:</u>

We are given:

0.01 M NaCl solution:

Calculating the ionic strength by using equation 2:

C_{Na^+}=0.01M\\Z_{Na^+}=+1\\C_{Cl^-}=0.01M\\Z_{Cl^-}=-1

Putting values in equation 2, we get:

\mu=\frac{1}{2}[(0.01\times (+1)^2)+(0.01\times (-1)^2)]\\\\\mu=0.01M

Now, calculating the activity coefficient of Cu^{2+} ion in the solution by using equation 1:

Z_{Cu^{2+}}=2+\\\alpha_{Cu^{2+}}=0.6\text{  (known)}\\\mu=0.01M

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

-\log\gamma_{Cu^{2+}}=\frac{0.51\times (+2)^2\times \sqrt{0.01}}{1+(3.3\times 0.6\times \sqrt{0.01})}\\\\-\log\gamma_{Cu^{2+}}=0.17\\\\\gamma_{Cu^{2+}}=10^{-0.17}\\\\\gamma_{Cu^{2+}}=0.676

Hence, the activity coefficient of copper ions is 0.676

  • <u>For b:</u>

We are given:

0.025 M HCl solution:

Calculating the ionic strength by using equation 2:

C_{H^+}=0.025M\\Z_{H^+}=+1\\C_{Cl^-}=0.025M\\Z_{Cl^-}=-1

Putting values in equation 2, we get:

\mu=\frac{1}{2}[(0.025\times (+1)^2)+(0.025\times (-1)^2)]\\\\\mu=0.025M

Now, calculating the activity coefficient of K^{+} ion in the solution by using equation 1:

Z_{K^{+}}=+1\\\alpha_{K^{+}}=0.3\text{  (known)}\\\mu=0.025M

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

-\log\gamma_{K^{+}}=\frac{0.51\times (+1)^2\times \sqrt{0.025}}{1+(3.3\times 0.3\times \sqrt{0.025})}\\\\-\log\gamma_{K^{+}}=0.070\\\\\gamma_{K^{+}}=10^{-0.070}\\\\\gamma_{K^{+}}=0.851

Hence, the activity coefficient of potassium ions is 0.851

  • <u>For c:</u>

We are given:

0.02 M K_2SO_4 solution:

Calculating the ionic strength by using equation 2:

C_{K^+}=(2\times 0.02)=0.04M\\Z_{K^+}=+1\\C_{SO_4^{2-}}=0.02M\\Z_{SO_4^{2-}}=-2

Putting values in equation 2, we get:

\mu=\frac{1}{2}[(0.04\times (+1)^2)+(0.02\times (-2)^2)]\\\\\mu=0.06M

Now, calculating the activity coefficient of K^{+} ion in the solution by using equation 1:

Z_{K^{+}}=+1\\\alpha_{K^{+}}=0.3\text{  (known)}\\\mu=0.06M

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

-\log\gamma_{K^{+}}=\frac{0.51\times (+1)^2\times \sqrt{0.06}}{1+(3.3\times 0.3\times \sqrt{0.06})}\\\\-\log\gamma_{K^{+}}=0.1\\\\\gamma_{K^{+}}=10^{-0.1}\\\\\gamma_{K^{+}}=0.794

Hence, the activity coefficient of potassium ions is 0.794

6 0
3 years ago
A chemical reaction that is expected to form 325.0 gof product only forms 123.8 g of product. What is the percent yield of this
Tasya [4]

Answer:

\boxed {\boxed {\sf A. \ 38.1 \%}}

Explanation:

Percent yield is the ratio of the amount actually produced to how much could theoretically be produced. It is found using this formula:

\% \ yield = \frac{actual \ yield}{theoretical \ yield} *100

For this reaction, the theoretical or expected yield is 325.0 grams. The actual yield is 123.8 grams.

\% \ yield = \frac{ 123.8 \ g }{325.0 \ g }*100

Divide.

\% \ yield = 0.380923077 *100

\% \ yield = 38.0923077

Round to the nearest hundredth. The 9 in the hundredth place tells us to round the 0 to a 1 .

\% \ yield \approx 38.1

The percent yield is about <u>38.1%</u>

5 0
2 years ago
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Best example of potential energy?
nadya68 [22]

Answer:

water stored in a dam

Explanation:

when the water is in dam it is ready to move bit is not moving

6 0
3 years ago
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What is fulcrum? This is for science middle school.
I am Lyosha [343]

Answer: where a lever rests or is supported and where it pivots

Explanation:

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Which statement describes how an atom in the ground state becomes excited?
AnnyKZ [126]
<span>(1) The atom absorbs energy, and one or more electrons move to a higher electron shell.</span>
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3 years ago
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