The right answer is vein (it contains blood and has valves).
The infra-cardiac veins of small and medium caliber possess this system of fight against gravity. The valves consist of a dense connective tissue, surmounted by endothelial cells, corresponding to a fold of the intima. They allow blood circulation in the sense organ / heart but prevent venous reflux.
The answer to your outstanding question is 3
The invention that allowed scientists to study cells for the first time is the Microscope
