The main groups of land plants are vascular plants and they have developed diverse adaptations to survive on land, especially in climatic zones where drought and high temperatures are common. Some of the most important plant adaptations to land ecosystems include, among others, the development of a cuticle to prevent water loss, stomata capable of regulating water evaporation, desiccation-resistant spores coated in sporopollenium polymer, etc. Moreover, in seed plants, which are considered to be the most evolved vascular plants, the endosperm tissue produced inside the seeds is nourished by the parent sporophyte during the first stages of plant development.
