Answer:
Primary
Explanation: Pioneer species (bare rock,lichens, small annual plants, grasses), intermediate species(grasses shrubs and shade intolerent trees such as pines), climax community (Oak and hickorey)
Birth rates are forecasted to decline
Mutualism is a way of life in which two species that could live independently come together permanently or sporadically and each one puts something on their side for the survival of both. In nature there are many types of mutualism, for example, the spider and the toad, the narrow-billed toad is an ally of a type of tarantula that usually devours small frogs, but what, in exchange for this small amphibian to eat the parasites that affect its eggs, the arachnid allows it to live in his burrow underground and in return defends him from possible predators, like owls, throwing to them urticating hairs in their eyes.
The disappearance of shrimp who cause whale numbers to decrease because they are a main food source for whales. And if copecods were to disappear it would cause a problem with microscopic algal cells and phytoplankton who’s populations would increase. And amphipods play an important role in marine and freshwater ecosystems. So if they were to disappear they would be more dead creatures around because they are scavengers and eat dead or decaying algae.