Mammalian fertilization comprises sperm migration through the female reproductive tract, biochemical and morphological changes to sperm, and sperm-egg interaction in the oviduct. Recent gene knockout approaches in mice have revealed that many factors previously considered important for fertilization are largely dispensable, or if they are essential, they have an unexpected function. These results indicate that what has been observed in in vitro fertilization (IVF) differs significantly from what occurs during “physiological” fertilization. This Review focuses on the advantages of studying fertilization using gene-manipulated animals and highlights an emerging molecular mechanism of mammalian fertilization.
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Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that doesn’t involve gametes fusing or the change in the number of chromosomes. A spider plant is the perfect example of asexual reproduction, but when it comes to plants like that, it’s referred to a type of asexual reproduction called vegetative propagation.
D because they are complete systems
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